Hint:-Soil is composed of various minerals, gases, water, organic material and microorganisms that plays an important role in supporting life. Soil acts as an important component of the ecosystem. It acts as habitat for various microorganisms, checks water quality and provides nutrients and minerals essential for plant growth.
Complete step-by-step solution:-There are various layers of soil having their unique set of characteristics. The various layers are also called Horizons.
O Horizon (O stands for Organic) is a surface layer having a large amount of organic content at different stages of decomposition. A Horizon is the top layer also called Topsoil. This layer is rich in various microorganisms, minerals and humus. It is the most fertile layer of soil and is considered as the best layer for plant growth. E Horizon (E stands for Eluviated), most commonly found in forest soil. The mineral and organic material of this layer is leached, leaving a pale layer composed of Silica. B Horizon, also called Subsoil. The leached mineral from soil A or E gets accumulated here. C Horizon, it forms from weathering of residual bedrock. R Horizon, base of the soil profile consists of partially weathered or unweathered bedrock. This is not a soil as it is composed mainly of rocks.
Soil erosion is a natural process which involves displacement of the upper fertile layer of soil. So the correct answer is option (C) Soil Erosion.
Pedogenesis is a process of soil formation. Podzolization is a process of soil formation involving leaching of the upper layer of soil profile causing accumulation of material in lower layers.
Note:-
Soil erosion is a natural phenomenon resulting in loss of fertility of soil by natural forces of water and wind. Deforestation, Overgrazing, Use of agrochemicals , Construction activities lead to soil erosion.
Soil erosion is the matter of concern and needs to be prevented by various measures which include, Reforestation, Sustainable farming practices, etc.
